Monday, April 9, 2012

Fruit, Fish and Flowers - Plant of the Day: Ipecac Plant (Psychotria ipecacuanha)



Have you been to Como Conservatory to see the Flower Show?  Beautiful!  As you enter the Palm Dome, you can smell the floral fragrance wafting from the Sunken Garden.  You need to see and smell this to experience it for yourself!  You need to hurry - this show closes on April 22nd and you'll have to wait a short time to see the next flower show.  

I, of course, always have to visit the Sunken Garden at least once on my volunteer watches.  Hmmmmmm, candy to the eyes, intoxication to the senses.  My favorite flowers in the show are probably the irises - magnificent!  However, all of the smell and colors are just wonderful.  My description and pictures don’t do this flower show justice.  Come visit, idle around the beautiful Sunken Garden and experience this wonderous display for yourself!


Pineapple
Today, after making my way to the North Garden, I noticed the growing pineapple just inside the North Garden entrance.  What an interesting and delicious fruit!  Near the entrance, the banana plant still has bananas and a large bloom hanging over the North Garden entrance.  These bananas have been hanging for quite some time.  I don’t think they’ll be able to hang on much longer.

Around the North Garden, I see a few more plants growing up and outwards.  The Valencia Orange tree has some oranges growing on it.  These fruits are currently the same color green as the leaves, so the fruit are hard to see.  This tree is across the aisle from the Calamondin Orange tree which has brightly colored oranges all over the tree.  Look for them when you come to visit!

Cacao
Valencia Orange
The cacao pods on the chocolate tree are turning yellow.  They are nearing the end of their time on this tree.  After they ripen and fall off, the conservatory staff will take them to be composted.  Lucky worms! 

The koi in the North Garden pool are doing well.  Koi are in the carp family.  They are long-lived fish and fun to watch.  You'll enjoy sitting down and watching the fish.  They often surface at the pool, looking to be fed.  They are beautiful and serene. 

The plant of the day is the Ipecac Plant (Psychotria ipecacuanha).  This perennial herb grows in clusters in the understory of humid, shady areas in the humid tropical forests of central and south America.  The extract of the root of ipecacuana is used as an amoebicide, an emetic, and as an expectorant. 

Ipecac Plant
Koi in the North Garden
The part of ipecacuanha used in medicine is the root, which is simple or divided into a few branches, flexuous, about as thick as a goose quill, and is composed of rings of various size. The different kinds of ipecac found on the market, - gray, red, or brown, are all produced by the same plant, with the differences coming from the plant's age and the mode of processing.

In syrup form, the rhizomes and roots of this plant are used as an expectorant in Costa Rica. There are reports of effectiveness in treating amoebic dysentery, alveolar pyorrhea, and otheramoebal infections.  There is also a reported slight effect from cefaline, one of the plant’s alkaloids, as an antitussive and expectorant when taken as a syrup.

Ipecacuana is considered to be an irreplaceable drug and is on the verge of extinction due to unsustainable over-harvesting. It is also to be noted that the synthetic drug does not have the same medicinal properties as those plant compounds extracted directly from the plant.  Despite its medicinal, economic and historic importance, there are no current studies that measure or reveal its current conservation status.

For more information:

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Psychotria_ipecacuanha

Monday, March 26, 2012

Zen and the Zingiber -- Plant of the Day: Red Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior)

The Conservatory was very quiet at opening time.  The quietness adds to the zen of the relaxing atmosphere.  Last week was spring break for many schools in this area, so today marks their first day back in school.  I attribute today’s quietness to the return of the school routine.  Later in the morning, however, multiple school groups came through on scavenger hunts.  The kids seemed to really enjoy looking for a variety of plants and learning how those plants benefit human communities.

Down in the Sunken Garden, the Spring Flower Show has opened and looks absolutely stunning!  If you can appreciate a beautiful flower, you will love this show!  There are beautiful snapdragons, hyacinths, tulips, irises, sweet smelling lilies, and more. The sweet smell is intoxicating.  Come see this beautiful work of art before it's replaced by the next show!

Vanilla Orchid Flower
Back in the North Garden, everything is growing and adding blooms.  The vanilla orchid has quite a few new blooms and several buds are preparing to open soon.  The orange trees are still producing bunches of oranges. 

Pineapple
There is a stem head growing out one of the pineapples in the North Garden.  Did you know that pineapples are the only edible Bromeliad?  They cannot self-pollinate, so they must have pollinators to help pollinate the plant for fruit to develop. The cacao pods on the chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao) are starting to turn color.  You should visit soon and see them before they fall off the chocolate tree (and are then eaten and enjoyed by the compost worms)!

The Plant of the Day is the Red Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior). 

Red Torch Ginger
Its not hard to see why this herbaceous perennial plant has the nickname - 'Red Torch' ginger.  The sprouting bud looks like a flaming red torch.  Its flowers are very showy.  Some varieties have pink or white flowers.  This plant makes a beautiful addition to any tropically-themed landscape.  This is not, however, a good plant for a container garden.  A mature red torch ginger can grow up to nine feet inn height with a diameter of two inches!  Come see the ones in the North Garden to see what I'm talking about!

The beautiful floral ginger buds are used in showy decorative arrangements.  The flower buds are used in many dishes such as the Nonya dish laksa, or, in north Sumatra, for a dish called arsik ikan mas (Andaliman/Szechuan pepper Spiced Carp).  It is used in salads in Thailand.

The red torch ginger has many other common names including Indonesian Tall Ginger, Porcelain Rose, Wild Ginger, Torch Ginger and Red Ginger Lily.

For More Information:

Monday, March 12, 2012

Cucumbers - useful for food, medicine and drinks! Plant of the Day – The Tree Cucumber (Averrhoa bilimbi)

Cineraria
The outside weather was warm and rainy today, so it was no surprise to find the inside of the Conservatory to be warm and very humid.  It felt good for most of the time I was there today.  Towards the end of my shift, I was feeling a bit sticky and glad to be heading to the outdoors.

I was glad to see that the Winter Flower Show is still open.  I enjoy walking through the Sunken Garden once or twice during my volunteer hours.  The smells and the beautiful flowers are really beautiful to behold. 

Jackfruit
There were a few surprises in the North Garden today.  The jackfruit tree has sprouted some new growth off of its trunk.  This new growth is already bearing jackfruit.  It’ll be interesting to see how this new growth and the new fruit develops over the rest of the year. 

Cacao Chocolate Pod
The cucumber tree had some beautiful dark-red flowers. Hopefully we’ll see some new fruit on that tree soon.  The gooseberry tree has been pruned and no longer has the gooseberry fruit in the pictures that I uploaded in my last posting.  The chocolate pods are still there.  They don’t look like they’ve grown any or changed color.  I wonder if they’re slowly ripening up.  It’ll be interesting to see if they change color soon.  Despite the rain outside (or maybe because of it), there was a steady stream of visitors today.

Cucumber Tree Flowers
The plant of the day is the cucumber tree (Averrhoa bilimbi – common names: Bilimbi, Cucumber Tree or Tree Sorrel.  Ethnic names: Kamias, Bimbiri, Belimbing Asam, Belimbing Buloh).  This rare exotic fruit tree is thought to originate in Moluccas, Indonesia.  It is popular in Thailand, Malaya and Singapore. In India, where it is usually found in gardens, the bilimbi has gone wild in the warmest regions of the country. Outside native habitat, Bilimbi is hard to find.

This fruit is a close relative with another North Garden resident – the Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola) which grows near the front entrance of the North Garden.  Next time you’re in to visit, you can see that they have similar foliage. 

On the cucumber tree, small, yellowish-green or purplish cauliflorous (producing flowers from the main trunk or older branches) flowers, marked with dark-red or purple, are borne in small, hairy panicles that emerge directly from the trunk or some twigs.  These can occasionally be seen on the cucumber tree in the North Garden.  Small clusters of fruits resembling small cucumbers also grow on trunk and stems averaging two to three inches in length.  If unripe, the fruit is bright green and crispy. It turns yellowish as it ripens.

The fruit on the bilimbi is generally regarded as too acidic for eating raw.  In Costa Rica, the green, uncooked fruits can be prepared as a relish and served with rice and beans, or with fish and meat. Ripe fruits are sometimes added to curries in the Far East or used in place of mango to make chutney. The fruit is rich in vitamin C. The fruit juice is popular for making beverages similar to lemonade.

In the Philippines, the leaves have been used as a paste on itches, swelling, rheumatism, mumps or skin eruptions. Elsewhere, they have been used for bites of poisonous creatures. A leaf extract has been reported to be useful as an after-birth tonic, while the flower extract has been used for thrush, cold, and cough.  Malays use the juice as eye drops and regard it as a magic curative.

For more information:

Monday, February 13, 2012

Flowers, Fragrances and Fruit - Plant of the Day – Jackfruit Tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

Have you seen the Winter Flower Show?  The gardening staff at MMC have done another outstanding job of putting together a flower show in the MMC Sunken Garden room.  As usual, the colors are vibrant and the smells are floral bouquets of sweetness.  If you haven’t attended one of the flower shows here, you are really missing some spectacular experiences!

In the North Garden, I examined the new growth on the very large and very old common fig tree (Ficus carica).  The pollarding process continues to encourage trunk expansion while keeping the canopy short.  If you haven’t seen this tree, you should stop in to see it – it is a very unusual looking tree in a handsome sort of way.

Tahitian Gooseberry
Cotton Plant
The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) still has multiple growing cacao pods on the tree.  The cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum) has set a new flower head that will open soon.  Until I started my volunteer work here, I had not realized that this plant produces such a beautiful flower!  The Tahitian Gooseberry (Philanthus acidus) has also produced some savory looking fruit.

While conversing with another volunteer, I learned something new about the golden pathos plant used for ground cover around the conservatory.  When growing level across the ground, the leaves of this plant are generally small.  But when this plant is able to grow upwards as a vine, the leaves on the plant get bigger and bigger. 

The Plant of the Day is the Jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus).  The jackfruit tree can be seen just inside the entrance of the North Garden.  Able to grow up to 20 meters high, this tree is typically found in lowland tropical or near-tropical forests. It is thought to originate in India, but can now be found in Malyasia, China, the Phillipines, East Indies, India and Africa.

Jackfruit
Jackfruit is one of the largest tree fruits in the world, exhibiting ‘cauliflory’ – where fruit is produced on the trunk or main branches.  Each ‘fruit’ is an aggregate of smaller fruits.  Seeds can be roasted and consumed, or, ground into flour for baking.  The ripe fruit itself can be eaten raw.  Some equate the taste to that of bananas.  The jackruit tree produces many products used by human communities.  Sticky latex from this tree can be used as a crude cement.  The timber is strong and termite-proof.  Smaller branches can be used for fuel.  Dyes can be produced from chips of this wood to create orange-red colors for the robes of Buddhist monks.

One visitor to the conservatory mentioned that back in his hometown in Africa, this tree drops its fruits at midnight.  The folks in his village would go out to collect the fruit at 2-3am.  They did this because the ripe stage for the jackfruit is very short.  They would then eat parts of the fruit and roast the seeds which he said are very delicious!

Other sources indicate that the fruit can be cut up into pieces, fried and eaten like potato chips.  Other food options include making the fruit into jam, fermenting the fruit into an alcoholic drink or even feeding it to livestock.

Monday, January 30, 2012

Manila is not a Vanilla – Plant of the Day: Manila Hemp

There was a wonderful brightness in the conservatory today.  The misters in the Fern Room were on when I walked through.  What a beautiful and serene feeling to be surrounded by mist in a room full of beautiful tropical ferns!  If you haven’t seen this room, you should come visit soon!
Vanilla planifola

Before the conservatory opened, I had a nice quiet walk around the conservatory which was very relaxing.  This is a beautiful way to start a morning!

The north garden conservatory seemed cooler than usual today.  As I walk around the north garden, I see that the vanilla orchid has a beautiful bloom.  That flower will not turn into a vanilla pod unless it is pollinated by hand. 

Musa textilis
I also see that the manila hemp plant (Musa textilis of the family Musaceae – banana family) has bloomed a beautiful purple inflorescence.

Walking out of the north garden and around the palm dome, I found a large collection of the conservatory’s orchid entries in the Minnesota Orchid Show last weekend. The fragance was as sweet as the sight of all of those beautiful orchids.  They are here for a very short time for public viewing.  Hopefully, some of these beautiful orchids might find their way to a spot in the conservatory for continued public viewing.
 
The big common fig that recently undergone pollarding is now sprouting new growth.  Growth will continue until the next years pruning.  

I met another conservatory volunteer today and spent much of today having interesting conversations with her as well as multiple Como visitors.

The plant of the day is the manila hemp plant, Musa textilis of the Order Zingiberales, Family Musaceae.

Manila hemp, also known as manilla, is not really hemp, it is a fiber material obtained from the  abacá plant, a relative of the banana plant. The plant name comes from the capital of the Philippines, a primary producer of abacá. 

This fiber material was once used primarily to make manila rope, but is now used to make many other products like manila envelopes, manila paper, hats, furniture and tea bags.  Currently, abacá is commercially grown in the Philippines, Ecuador and Costa Rica.

abacá fibers




Images from:
http://www.abacaphilippines.com/abaca.php?go=about&show=uses

For more information:
http://www.abacaphilippines.com/abaca.php?go=about
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacá
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/fasern/manila/manila.htm

Monday, January 16, 2012

Plants, Pictures and Poinsettias - Plant of the Day: Bodhi Tree - Ficus religiosa

Happy Martin Luther King, Jr. Day - a peaceful day to honor a peaceful messenger.

The Como Conservatory Holiday Flower Show is still on and looking gorgeous with hundreds of poinsettias!  This show closes tomorrow, so I hope you've had a chance to see and take a few photos of this dazzling display of red!

Everything was quiet on my entry into the North Garden.  I could instantly see that the North Garden conservatory was brighter than it has been for awhile.  Walking around, I found the reasons why.

First, the massive fig tree (Ficus carica - the common fig) has been pruned using a pollarding process.  In this process, the leaves and major branches are cut back close to the main stems.  This encourages new growth closer down to the main stem.  This technique is used to prune trees that need to be kept short for some reason (like long-term growth in a greenhouse) or to prune trees away from areas (like from power lines or roof gutters).

The fig tree must have recently been pruned because all of its' leaves were missing.  Not to worry, though - new leaf growth will start showing soon.

In addition to the ficus pollarding, I could tell that many other plants had been pruned in some way.  Walking around, I found that the big leaf mahogany tree (Swietenia macrophylla) had been removed.  This removal has allowed a great deal of light to filter into the area that it occupied.

I was excited to find new fruits on the jackfruit (Arctocarpus heterophyllus), the Mandarin lime tree (Citrus x limonia), the papaya (Carica papaya - look up into the papaya plant to see the growing papayas) and the Tahitian gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus).

The cacao pods are still growing on the chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao).  Now that the pods are getting big, other pods in the upper part of the tree are easier to distinguish from the leaves.

The plant of the day is the Bodhi (or Bo) tree (Ficus religiosa).  Native to Asia, these trees are popular ornamental trees in warmer climates and can also be grown as bonsai trees.  Siddhartha Gautama was said to be meditating beneath a bodhi tree when he became enlightened (and then became known as Buddha).

In addition to spiritual connections, this tree has additional socioeconomic uses.  Many parts of the tree have been used for medicinal purposes like inflammation, infectious disorders, asthma, diarrhea and epilepsy.


The association of this tree with peace and tolerance makes this the perfect plant of the day on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.

Peace to all.

Additional Information:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_tree
http://wisdom-tree.com/
http://www.ebudhaindia.com/holy_sites/bodhi_tree.htm
http://www.ehow.com/info_8192341_bodhi-tree.html
http://www.bodhitree-cambridge.com/

Damanpreet Singh, Bikram Singh, Rajesh Kumar Goel, Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa: A review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 134, Issue 3, 12 April 2011, Pages 565-583.

Monday, January 2, 2012

Plant of the Day: Vanilla planifola

The conservatory was quite crowded today!  I started talking to visitors almost immediately after I entered the Palm Dome which is on the way to the North Garden.  I talked with one nice gentlemen for about 20 minutes.  He mentioned that he had some familiarity with the plants in the North Garden, then proceeded to share some of his experiences in Belize, Central America and southern Louisiana.  He had some very interesting tales to tell.  These stories were nice to hear about as I enjoy hearing about visitors' experiences with plants, ecology and wildlife in various parts of the world.  I learn quite a bit from the visitors to the Conservatory.

At the entrance of the North Garden, the Ethiopian Banana plant continues to show its long inflorescence and bunch of bananas.

A vanilla orchid grows around the inside entrance to the North Garden.  Today, I saw what looks like the initiation of vanilla pods or perhaps initial growth of flowers.

Vanilla flavors are found in the fruit which results from pollination of vanilla flowers, one flower producing one fruit.  These flowers are hermaphroditic - they carry both the male (called anther) and female (called stigma) organs.  A membrane separates the two to keep the plant from self-pollinating.



Walking around the North Garden, I noticed the bright red inflorescence of the Red Ginger plant.  This inflorescence was leaning against the tall fig tree in the north part of the North Garden.  Several visitors mistook this to be a part of the fig tree but I pointed out the connection to the nearby Red Ginger stalks.

The chocolate tree is still growing the beautiful cacao pods.  I conversed for a while with several young women gathered around this tree.  They told me that they were planning to create a greenhouse with only "dessert" plants - the chocolate tree, the vanilla orchid and various other fruit and nut plants.  I thought they had interesting ideas, but thought to myself that they need to add the coffee plant!   I personally need a few cups to get me going in the morning.  In social situations, I might have a cup in the evening.  Blog readers - what do you think should be grown in a greenhouse dedicated to "dessert" plants?

The plant for the day is the Vanilla Orchid Vanilla planifolia - the second most expensive spice after saffron.  This spice is expensive because the plants have to be pollinated by hand, thus is labor intensive.  Natural pollination is rare, occurring in less than 1% of the flowers.  A pollinated flower can take up to nine months to produce a fully ripe pod.  To get vanilla extract, after pods are fermented, the pods are finely chopped and distilled in alchohol and water.  True vanilla extract is usually expensive, but imitation vanilla extract can be a less expensive alternative.

Additional information:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla
http://www.kew.org/plants/orchids/vanilla.html
http://www.organic-vanilla.com/servlet/Page?template=a-farm
http://www.spicesherpa.com/spices/vanilla/
http://www.vanillapodsuk.com/all-about-vanilla-2-w.asp
http://vanilla.servolux.nl/vanilla_history.html